Shakuhachi is categorized into "flute family" instrument,
made of bamboo, a vertical pipe without a lied. There are some kinds
of length by each semitone, according to keys, but we usually use
Fis-pipe, E-pipe, D-pipe, C-pipe, H-pipe, and A-pipe. Aliases such
like Fis-pipe or A-pipe are called by the each lowest tone, so Shakuhachi
is not a transposition instrument. The sheet music must be written
in truth tone. Expect the case that length is specified, each of
the players select the length of the instrument considering its
key. This is also performed during a musical performance too, such
when the key moved. There are two types of Shakuhachi. The difference
between them is the number of finger wholes, one has five finger
holes and the other has seven. We select either of them according
to the tune. Originally, Shakuhachi is "five finger holes-shakuhachi".
There are five finger holes and arranged " mi/sol/la/si/re/mi
" from each lowest tone. " seven finger holes-shakuhachi"
was developed in the middle of 20th century, and generally used
for contemporary music. There are seven finger holes, and arranged
" mi/fa/sol/la/si/do/re/mi " from each lowest tone. According
to the key, the length of the instrument becomes different, so the
compass is also different by each instrument. Refer to the table
below. In the table, tones which are written in whole tone, are
the tones which finger holes are opened fully, and written in black
tones are the tones which finger holes are half opened. Dynamic
ranges are different according to the tones. Usually we use tones
bound with slur. Higher sound can also be played, but it is difficult
to play legato.
Five-holes Shakuhachi
(notes indicated as x are not able to play by Five-holes Shakuhachi)
G-pipe
Fis-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
isshaku-yonsun)
F-pipe
E-pipe (most generally used, commonly called isshaku-rokusun)
Dis-pipe
D-pipe (most generally used, commonly called isshaku-hassun)
Cis-pipe
C-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
nishaku)
H-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
nishaku-issun)
A-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
nishaku-sanzun)
Seven-holes Shakuhachi
G-pipe
Fis-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly
called isshaku-yonsun)
F-pipe
E-pipe (most generally used, commonly called isshaku-rokusun)
Dis-pipe
D-pipe (most generally used, commonly called isshaku-hassun)
Cis-pipe
C-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
nishaku)
H-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
nishaku-issun)
A-pipe (comparatively used in Pro Musica Nipponia, commonly called
nishaku-sanzun)
<register and timbrel technique of Shakuhachi>
Same as (western) flute, the whole rage of the register of Shakuhachi
is divided into three octaves; low, middle, and high depending
on its fingering. The lowest octave (first octave) coincides to
the second, while some irregular preparation is necessary in the
third (high) octave.
The dynamic range of in each register is exactly same as the case
of flute; fortessimo in low register or pianissimo in very high
register needs player's advanced technique.
There are special ways on Shakuhachi playing that would be sharing
a sense with western modern (avant-garde) music. Modern ways in
flute playing developed in 20 century in western music, have traditionally
been practiced in the field of traditional music of Shakuhachi.
Some timbrel effects on shakuhachi.
over blow (With breath noise) usually notated by a line over the
stave like cresendo
- Sorane (staccato by over blow) usually notated by special (composer's
own) sign like *
- Flutter tonguing (in general notation)
- Yuri (vibrato by shaking heard)
horizontal Yuri: amplitude modulation
vertical Yuri: pitch modulation (in a semitone higher and lower)
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